Excerpt+9

﻿ Question: This is traditional music from Egypt. The music falls into two clear sections, with the second section beginning with the entry of the percussion. List the musical characteristics of each section.

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Section 1: Very disjunct melody, no real sense of tonal centre in string instrument (non-western) line. Tonal stability is found through drone created by a very reverberant instrument. The string instrument has a very nasal tone colour. Faint crowd sounds can be heard almost as a rumble of conversation. Multiple instruments are played at once creating a polyphonic texture. The lack of pattern in the melodic line makes this section seem more of an orchestra warm-up, especially with the easily detectable drone aswell as the ascending slides. The rhythm is very unsettled with no distinct pulse created as an ensemble. However, towards the end of this section the string instrument plays very fast straight rhythm articulated greatly on one pitch which leads onto more structured 2nd section.

Section 2: The rhythmic section enters with a steady flow of hand drum hits, signifying the setting of a pulse. This section has more direction. There is a distinguishable melodic idea and tonal centre. Drone continues. Faint crowd sounds seem more involved with this section with a more distinct energy and sense of direction created through claps or castenet-like instrument emphasising hand drum steady beat. Multiple instruments play same melody with occasional delay and variation. The texture is sometimes monophonic, sometimes heterophonic. Tambourine-sounding instrument is also added to the rhythmic instrumentation, further emphasising the rhythmic drive of the 2nd section.

Harriet Davies

-Unpredictable, multiple entries in multiple instruments playing at slightly different tempos. -use of lots of short note values leading to long note values -There is some repetition found in all instruments. -Doubled notes and use of clicking percussive instruments. || Rhythm: More Rhythmic emphasis in this section. -Membranophones hit with hands enter with repeated notes (perhaps semiquavers) creates a sense of time. -After a short break, the solo melodic instruments use the same tempo and time of the repeated semiquavers adn then a lower pitched membranophone does hits on 1 and 2 beat of each bar, creates a sustained pulse. -The hand hit membranophones of before now do off beat accents with quavers. further solidifying the pulse. -Claps added with the low drum, creating a sense of folk music. -Added shaker instrument toward end further solidifying pulse -Tempo increases towards end slightly. -Very reptitious. || More melodic Based section. -Use of Drone under melody -Melody is utilizing a none western scale -Played on an aerophone with a very nasal sound. -Repeated phrases with ornamentation -Very repetitious, stepwise movements in the melody starting at a higher register and then moving down to a lower register and then repeating again. -No accompaniment, more intertwining melodies and counter melodies. -Improvisatory feel, with very free sense of time || Melody and Harmony: -Melody is very much the same but this time much more on the beat without the sense of freedom, much more rhythmic. -Now with percussion accompaniment -Very repetitious -No real chords are heard just melodic ideas. || -Dense texture with sounds overlapping and drones, very full no breaks in the sound. -Polyphonic texture is created with more than one melody played at the same time. || Texture: -Instruments are now in unison creating almost a heterophonic effect. ||
 * Section 1 || Section 2 ||
 * Rhythm:
 * Melody and Harmony:
 * Texture:

Troy Rogan

Section 1: -No clear sense of pulse in this section -A bowed string instrument plays a fairly disjunct melody with the occasional interjections of a wind instrument playing short phrases making this section polyphonic -This section has a very improvised feel to i -There is a steady drone of a bag pipe sounding instrument in the background -It has a very nasal tone colour -This section in general uses many textural sounds having an emphasis on tone colours -The tone colours heard are intriguing in this section -The tones of these non-western instruments seem to morph together to create a very interesting introduction. The listener is left wondering what to expect next. -Even the tarabouka like hand drum contributes to the contrasting tone colours and texture as it plays a finger roll sounding gesture It is not rhythmic just an effect. -There isn't a tonal centre heard in the melody and harmony the pitched instruments play in this section. Section 2: -Drums play a series of notes followed by the first rhythmic gesture we hear from the violin instrument. -This is the lead in to section 2 -A tarabouka sounding hand drum, another lower drum and a tambourine sounding instrument outline the pulse and important subdivisions of the music -Most ethnic music is danced to so its vital that the rhythmic pulse and subdivisions of the dance are heard through the music -The way the string instrument phrases and accents emphasises the downbeat of the bar. -This is also very important if people were dancing -The melody is still disjunct but not as much as the first section -Texture moves between homophonic and polyphonic in this section -Melody based around a non western scale(probably some kind of mode) -The melody is repetitive throughout. -not much importance on harmony in this section Rory

Section 1 A bagpipe like instrument enters with an improvisatory melody. It holds a constant drone on the lower tonic note while a melody is played on top using a non western scale and a medium range of notes. The instrument has a very nasal tone colour. There is another string (?) instrument in the background using melodic lines to intertwine with the main melodic line. There is no clear sense of pulse, and there is a very free, improvisatory feel to the melody. The main bagpipe like instrument uses slides and yodel like techniques, giving the melody a very voice-like approach. The articulation is mainly legato, due to the constant drone. There is little range in dynamics (about mf). In the background, there is the faint noise of a crowd, or people talking, as if they are waiting for something to happen.

Section 2 Percussion (hand drums) and clapping enters, immediately providing a clear pulse. The drums play a simple repeated ostinati pattern, while the clapping is on the beat.The two instuments (bagpipe-like one and string instrument) join to play a more structured melody is unison. The melody is based on the same non western scale, using about an octave range. A sense of structure within the melody is created by the use of repetition. Sometimes the melody becomes hetrophonic, as one of the instruments will ornament the melody in a slightly different way. Because of the strong pulse, the music is pushed forward and has more energy. The people in the background now clap, more engaged in the music, and giving it more energy and drive.

Lena

Section 1: -An 'string' sounding instrument that sounds like it's played with a bow plays an improvisatory melody, accompanied by a drone on the same sort of instrument (possibly on the same instrument) and a counter melody in another instrument which sounds like it is blown -there is no clear sense of pulse -the melody is very free and seems improvised. The player repeats fragments of it (just one or two notes) many times throughout the section -pitch bends and quarter tones are used <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">-the melody sounds like it is in a minor non-western scale <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">-male voices can just be heard in the background

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Section 2: <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">-as the percussion enters, a much clearer sense of pulse emerges <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">-the male voices that we heard in section one are now more present and they begin to clap, first in quavers then in crotchets, accenting every beat of the 4/4 bar. This creates a driving feel. They also sing the melody at some points but their voices are quite soft compared to the other instruments <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">-a hand drum plays a repeated motif (ka-ti-ka ti ti) which contributes to the dance like feel <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">-a clearer melody emerges which is quite repetitite, has a narrow range and is mainly conjunct <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">-the drone heard in the first section drops out leaving just the melody played by two or more instruments in heterophonic texture and the percussive accompaniment

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Emily Sheppard

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Section 1:

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- no clear pulse <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- improvised feel to the melody <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">-only a low drone underneath the melody <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">-non - western tuning system <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- no repetition in the melody <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- use of ornamentation and glisses <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- melody played on a stringed instrument <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- use of off-string bowing technique <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- medium to big range in the melody <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- tonality is not clearly established

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Section 2:

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- clear pulse <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- entry of vocals, cheering, yells add to upbeat, brighter mood <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- upbeat tempo <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- use of repetition in the meody <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- arch-like phrases <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- small range in the melody <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- major/ bright tonality established in the melody <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- hand hit drum plays repeated rhythm throughout section 2 <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">- shakers play repeated rhythm ti ti ti ti which adds to the upbeat, dance feel

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Justine <span style="color: #1900ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 110%; margin-left: 18pt;">Section 1: > Section 2:
 * <span style="color: #2c00ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 110%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">· The excerpt begins with two instruments playing together in a polyphonic texture. The roles are clearly established with the bowed string instrument taking the main melodic focus whilst the aerophone (?) provides a sparse accompaniment.
 * <span style="color: #2c00ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 110%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">· The melody is harsh and dissonant using a non western scale system and microtonal bends and slides. The melody is repetitive and develops in motifs. Whilst it is dissonant it is not disjunct the melody constrained to a relatively small range.
 * <span style="color: #2c00ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 110%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">· There is no real underlying sense of pulse established, the two musicians most likely improvising together adding to the unpredictability of this first section.
 * <span style="color: #2c00ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 110%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">· There seems to be kind of drone upon which the other instruments loosely base their harmony around, perhaps provided by a part of the soloists string instrument. The harmony is very irregular and is based around a non western tonal system. The harmony is created by the instruments playing together and against the drone.
 * <span style="color: #2c00ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 110%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">· A harsh, nasal tone colour is created by the string instrument and this contributes to the eerie mood of the opening section <span style="color: #2c00ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 110%;">.
 * <span style="color: #2c00ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 110%; text-indent: -18pt;">· The introduction of the percussion instruments and hand claps immediately establish a clear sense of pulse, giving the music more momentum and rhythmic drive.
 * <span style="color: #2c00ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 110%; text-indent: -18pt;">· The melody now becomes more constant repeating the same melodic theme found earlier however now with a much clearer sense of rhythm and pitch. The percussion instruments provide accompaniment to this melody feature.
 * <span style="color: #2c00ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 110%; text-indent: -18pt;">· The dynamics are now stronger with the addition of more instruments and those instruments playing more notes. This creates the overall effect of being louder, especially when compared to the softer dynamics of the first section.
 * <span style="color: #2c00ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 110%; text-indent: -18pt;">· With the introduction of the percussion instruments the texture “fills out” creating a richer, fuller tone colour. Once again the busy quaver handclaps also help to thicken the texture as it creates more sound. This contrasts with the more open texture of the first section.
 * <span style="color: #2c00ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 110%; text-indent: -18pt;">· The harmony remains the same as the first section as no pitched instruments enter in the second section. Matt

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">﻿**Mati: Again, exam style:** <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Notes:** <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**-Wind instrument - double reeds - strings** <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**-Drone** <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**-Ornaments, several voices - other special effects like tremolo** <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**-Perc do a fake entry** <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**-Perc come in, clear rhythm & melody** <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**-spoken/sung vocals in background** <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**-clapping** <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**-sleighbell-like jingles towards finish**

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Answer:** <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Section 1: The melody is improvisitory, spans an octave and consists of both conjunct and disjunct intervals. There are uneven and uncles phrases & phrase lengths. Lots of ornaments and effects like pitch bendings and tremolos used. The texture is butsy with a drone, and meain melodic instrument and another that occationally speaks as well but not as often. There are voices in the background. Rhythms are unclear and not pulsed. The timbre of the instruments is very nasal. Non-western scale is used throughout.**

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Section 2: Melody is structured around the new pulse. This melody has a medium sized range and sits in the lower part of the instruments tessitura. Ornaments are not as featured as before but the intervals are still both conjunct & disjunct. Texture even busier, with added percussion driving, group clapping and vocals prominent in the background both shouting and talking. The drone drops out.** **__ SECTION 1 __** <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">- No clear sense of pulse - The melody is played by a non-western instrument that sounds like a ‘string’ instruments, not plucked, while another instrument is holding a drone note in the bass. - The melody is short, repetitive and based on mixolydian mode in C, the range is about an octave, and sometimes there are ornamentations such as trills, as well as sliding. - This melody is very free and it doesn’t sound like it was notated. - You can slightly hear a male voice shouting in the background. - Polyphonic and heavy texture, created by multiple harmonies in the background as well as secondary melodies created by similar instruments. <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">- The melody ends by tattered articulation. **__ SECTION 2 __** <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">- Percussion enters, such as clapping, hand drums, and an instrument that sounds like a salt shaker. - More shouting vocals in the background, to “cheer” for the dancers that are dancing for this type of music. - Clearer sense of pulse is established, hand drums pattern sounds like ti-ka-ti-ka ti-ti. And the clapping is doubling the crotchet beats. The rhythm moves the piece more forward, and makes it more dance-like. - The melody is more repetitive now, going stepwise up and down between C and G and sometimes goes up to Ab, the range is more narrower but the rhythm the melody has is very repetitive and catchy. <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">- Polyphonic, light and bouncy texture with small dynamics range.

<span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">Widdy //** Sue's sample response to the worksheet: **// <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"> Melody: // Quite repetitive, repeating short phrases and a narrow range of notes. A lot of ornamentation is used, and with small inflections up to the same note being repeated. The music uses a non western scale and microtonal intervals. It has an improvisatory feel as there is no strong sense of pulse and it uses a very winding, narrow contour. // <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">Rhythm: // A variety of note values are used, including very short notes like ‘grace notes’ to produce the ornamentation. There is no strong sense of pulse, giving it a ‘cadenza’ like introductory style. // Harmony: // There is little/no harmony. The main focus is on the melody. There is another drone part, but it is very much in the background and barely audible. At the start a second countermelody imitates the main melody, but it is very soft and there is certainly no deliberate creation of harmony between the two parts. // Texture// Mainly monophonic during this section. At the start another countermelody works in imitation with the first, but it is a lot softer and not present all the time. There is also a drone, but it is very soft. The overall effect is that of a very thin texture as the main melody is very prominent. // Dynamics// Moderately loud in the main melody. Other two instruments very soft. There are some swells and diminuendos which match the contour of the phrases. // Instrumentation // Main melody is performed by an aerophone. The countermelody is played by a plucked stringed instrument – sitar. The drone is provided by another aerophone. // Tone colour // Quite a penetrating and harsh tone colour is created by the aerophone which has a strong nasal sound, and it combines with the drone on a similar sounding instrument, and the sitar playing the counter melody to create a thin and brittle tone colour. This is accentuated by the microtonal intervals and the large amount of ornamentation which add to the complexity and cold effect of the tone colour. // Articulation // Fairly smooth and flowing, but uses accents to define the ornamentation and show the start of each repetitive phrase. // <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">Now do the same for the second section (after the percussion enters)

Melody: // Now a clearer and more recognisable melody emerges, with clearly defined short, regular phrases, strong sense of pulse and a clearer sense of a tonal centre. There is a lot more repetition and a greater sense of an ‘organised’ melody, as distinct from the improvised style of the first section. // Rhythm: // A regular duple pulse is established by the introduction of the percussion instruments, and is reinforced by heavy accents in the melody which repeats short rhythmic phrases and uses a narrower range of note values to provide a stronger sense of rhythmic pulse. // Harmony: // There is little/ no harmony used in this section. The melody is played without any accompanying drone. Occasionally you can hear the melody being echoed faintly in the background. // Texture:// The texture here is less complex but seems thicker with the addition of the percussion instruments which provide a regular accompaniment. The texture seems thicker and more solid as the percussion instruments work together in a ‘block’ fashion underneath the melody. // Dynamics// are consistently loud, and louder than the first section. The volume is achieved by the sudden addition of a number of percussion instruments. // Instrumentation // Aerophone continues on the melody, accompanied by a number of untuned percussion instruments; membranophones, hand clapping, rhythm sticks. // Tone colour // Penetrating and harsh. More contrast in tone colour between the piercing aerophone and the rough, raw sound of the percussion. This is emphasised by the background sound of talking, and vocal encouragement from musicians and other people. // Articulation // : Strong use of accents to define the phrases and create the strong rhythm and pulse. //